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This paper examines the extent to which firms in selected MENA countries reported being constrained by the business environment around the time of the Arab Spring and the extent to which these constraints affected their employment performance. The results suggest that small firms in MENA faced more structural constraints than similar firms in other regions. We also find that MENA firms’ weaker job creation can be explained in great part by the macroeconomic environment and structural constraints. Low GDP growth, falling external competitiveness, corruption, lack of access to finance and poor access to electricity are found to explain a significant part of the lack of employment growth in MENA firms compared to their peers.

Job creation --- Creating jobs --- Employment creation --- Full employment policies --- Investments: Energy --- Corporate Finance --- Labor --- Production and Operations Management --- Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labor Demand --- Regulation and Business Law: General --- Labor Law --- Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Electric Utilities --- Labour --- income economics --- Macroeconomics --- Investment & securities --- Business environment --- Labor productivity --- Electricity --- Economic sectors --- Production --- Commodities --- Economic theory --- Business enterprises --- Electric utilities --- Lebanon

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Sharing economic benefits equitably across all segments of society includes addressing the specific challenges of different generations. At present, youth and elderly are particularly vulnerable to poverty relative to adults in their middle years. Broad-based policies should aim to foster youth integration into the labor market and ensure adequate income and health care support for the elderly. Turning to the intergenerational dimension, everyone should have the same chances in life, regardless of their family background. Policies that promote social mobility include improving access to high-quality care and education starting from a very early age, supporting lifelong learning, effective social protection schemes, and investing in infrastructure and other services to reduce spatial segregation.

Korea, Republic of

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This publication brings together a set of IMF papers that prepared as backgrounds for the various sessions of the conference and will help put into broader dissemination channels the results of this important conference. An official IMF publication is well disseminated into academic and institutional libraries and book channels. The IMF metadata will also make the conference papers more discoverable online.

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Curbing corruption can help countries achieve higher and more inclusive growth. The paper focuses on the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia. The roots of corruption often lie in poor economic governance, and thus improving governance of economic institutions can help curb corruption. While every MCD country possesses its own strengths and weaknesses, there are some common themes and problems that emerge.

Economics: General --- International Economics --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Political economy --- International institutions --- International organization --- Economics

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Curbing corruption can help countries achieve higher and more inclusive growth. The paper focuses on the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia. The roots of corruption often lie in poor economic governance, and thus improving governance of economic institutions can help curb corruption. While every MCD country possesses its own strengths and weaknesses, there are some common themes and problems that emerge.

Economics: General --- International Economics --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Political economy --- International institutions --- International organization --- Economics